Pony Trap Essay Example for Free

Pony Trap Essay Susan Hill the creator of the woman in black , successfully creates fear through out her novel. It comes in ebbs and flows by using different techniques throughout to build up the tension. This book is a gothic horror which is a new genre but using the traditional horror aspects, one of the first books in the categories is’ The castle of Otranto’ published in 1767. They are typified by their dark, lachrymose atmosphere of hatred and fear. Hill used many traditional techniques such as the stereotypical use of pathetic fallacy reflecting the dark mood. The setting as its deserted and away from society, isolation , a ghost with hauntings all follow the conventional aspects. However the modern twist to hills novel is that the characters are unconvential, as in the normal gothic story the man is the scary character haunting a venerable or innocent young woman such as in’ Dracula’ he suck blood from all sweet caring ladies. Unlike in this case there is a ambitious young man being haunted by a revengeful young woman. From this the tension from new and old ways combine to create a heart pumping book which fear deeply impacts the reader. Fear is created in many ways in the chapter ‘The Sound of the Pony trap’ and many other chapters. The chapter† the sound of the pony trap† creates and builds fear and tension through out using a climax technique. Similar to other chapters in the novel it is developed throughout with no clear resolution at the end. In this chapter Hill uses pathetic fallacy frequently to make a prediction what is going to happen next, as Arthurs mood reflect the weather. At the beginning of the chapter he describes the feeling trying to get back the causeway as’, as the weather is really bad you are expecting this night to be a bad one and develop the scene of fear, from the Woman In Black. However after Keckwick arrives to pick up Kipps at 2am the weather was described as ‘all was so changed’. This shows that the mood to Kipps is so relived to see Keckwick to save him so the weather reflects his thoughts. Then finally the main element to the developing aspect of fear is haunting. These parts where the Woman in Black haunts Kipps are the moments when a cold feeling runs through the readers body and start to panic a little. The main haunting in this chapter is the sound of the pons trap and over all this is the most fearful part that distressed Kipps the most. The woman in black puts sounds in his head as a cart has over turned in the marshes and they are drowning so shouting for help with the cry off a child’s voice. After ‘an outburst of helpless sobbing’ , he was so overwhelmed by this a grown man cried over it. The haunting of the woman in black really breaks Kipps and this is the detrition of the man in till he becomes ill with fright. Fear is created, as hill shows how it effected Kipps and this is the part where the reader starts to feel afraid and fear is created.

Mike Tyson; Its Not What You Think Essay Example for Free

Mike Tyson; Its Not What You Think Essay This biographical sketch will explore Mike Tyson’s life of victories, personal, and professional losses. Mike Tyson, born Michael Gerard Tyson, was born June 30, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York to Jimmy Kirkpatrick and Lorna Tyson. Jimmy abandoned the family in 1968, when Mike was two years old, leaving Lorna to care for Mike and his two siblings, Rodney and Denise. My selection of Mike Tyson for a case study was based a several intriguing factors about him that gained my attention. Any documentary and/or interview that I’ve viewed on Mike Tyson, I initially look into his eyes. The eyes are the window to our souls, and his eyes share the pains he’s suffered in his life. Over the past 27 years, Mike Tyson has been described as erratic, volatile, and somewhat unstable. His mother, Lorna was an alcoholic and died from cancer when he was only 16 and his sister, Denise died of a heart attack due to obesity in 1991 at the age of 25, little is known about his father, Jimmy. The oldest sibling Rodney is a physician assistant in the trauma center of a Los Angeles hospital. As a boy Tyson became a pickpocket on public buses, rolled drunks and mugged old ladies of their purses. By the time he was 13, he had been arrested 38 times. Tyson lived in and around high crime neighborhood throughout his pre-teen and adolescent years. His very first fight was with a neighborhood youth that was larger than him, who had removed the head of one of Tyson’s pigeons. Mike was transferred to a reform school for boys in Johnstown, New York, where he met a counselor named Bob Stewart, who was also a former amateur boxing champion. Stewart trained Mike on how to use his fist to fight; Mike was so determined to learn everything about boxing. He would often sneak out of bed after curfew to practice throwing punches in the dark. In 1980, Mike was introduced to the late legendary boxing manager, Cus D’Amato. D’Amato provided room and board for Mike, and developed a close relationship with him. Mike looked to D’Amato as his mentor and as a father. Tys on was classified as learning disabled because he could only read at the level of a seventh grader while in high school. After the death of his mother, he was expelled from Catskill High School and continued schooling through private tutors as he prepared for the 1984 Olympic trials. Developmental Psychology is defined as the study of physical and cognitive changes from birth until death. (M.U.S.E., 2010) Physical changes are measured by height, weight, and strengths during the different stages of your life; beginning with conception through childhood, and adolescence through adulthood and eventually death. (M.U.S.E., 2010) Motivation is defined as forces determining behavior; the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior. (Encarta, 2012) There are several theories stating various opinions on motivation, the most popular being Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. It argues that we as individuals are motivated to satisfy a specific need, when we have a sense of belonging we are motivated by a desire to be held in esteem. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are as follows: self-actualization (doing your own best thing), esteem (need to be recognized, self-respect, and respect of others), belonging (being accepted, be coming a part of something), safety (psychological, physical, secure), physiological (sex, hunger, rest). (Goal, 2013) Personality is defined as the totality of somebody’s attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that endure over long periods of time. During an independent medical evaluation performed in September 1998 for the Nevada State Athletic Commission, Tyson gave a history of repeated head injuries as a child. The injuries included multiple episodes of loss of consciousness as a result of being struck with various objects during street fights. During this evaluation process, Tyson was also questioned about symptoms of depression. After eight visits with a psychiatrist, Tyson was diagnosed with â€Å"dysthymic disorder† (chronic depression) and issues related to his personality by Dr. Richard Goldberg, MD, prior to the independent medical evaluation. It’s difficult to assess when this disorder began, before the evaluation took place, Tyson’s boxing license was suspended for biting Evander Holyfield’s ear during a boxing match. Dysthymic disorder is a type of chronic depression when a person’s moods are regularly low. The symptoms are not as severe as with other major depression disorders. The main symptom of this disorder is a low, dark, or sad mood on most days for a period of two years. Dysthymic disorders increase the risk of suicide. Some patients recover completely, while others continue to display the symptoms, even with treatment. (Fava, 2008) Psychology in the workplace helps employees and enterprises to achieve truly sustainable growth in workplace performance. Porath, MacInnis, Folkes (2010) found that when an employee mistreated or was uncivil (e.g., being rude or discourteous, ignoring or making derogatory remarks, passing blame for their own mistakes, belittling the efforts of others, etc.) toward another employee, customers who witnessed it tended to â€Å"make negative generalizations about (a) others who work for the firm, (b) the firm as a whole, and (c) future encounters with the firm, inferences that [went] well beyond the incivility incident† (p. 292). What researchers discovered was that â€Å"consumers [were] also negatively affected even when they [were] mere observers of incivility between employees† (Porath et al., 2010, p. 301). A survey of public sector employees in the United States found that 71% of respondents reported at least some experience of workplace incivility from a supervisor or coworker (e.g., being treated rudely or discourteously, having a coworker or boss ignore or make derogatory remarks, being blamed for a colleague’s mistakes, being belittled, having someone set them up to fail, being shut out of a team, etc.) during the previous 5 years, and 6% reported experiencing such behavior many times (Cortina, Magley, Williams, Langhout, 2001). Lim, Cortina, and Magley (2008) found that (1) â€Å"uncivil work experiences also appear to have a direct negative influence on mental health† (p. 104), (2) employees who experienced incivility were more likely to be dissatisfied with their boss and coworkers than with the job itself, and (3) those personal experiences of workplace incivility can lead to them eventually quitting their jobs. References M.U.S.E., â€Å"Conception through childhood and Adulthood† (2010) Mike Tyson. (2012). Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/mike-tyson Fava M, Cassano P. Mood disorders: major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. In: Stern TA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Biederman J, Rauch SL, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001916/ Holmes, Leonard. (2006) Mike Tyson’s Assessment. Retrieved from About.com Mental Health http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/academicpsychology/a/tyson_2.htm Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64-80. Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95 Pearson, C. Porath, C. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. New York, NY: Portfolio. Porath, C., MacInnis, D., Folkes, V. (2010). Witnessing incivility among employees: Effects on consumer anger and negative inferences about companies. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 292-303.

New Zealand Gym Business Analysis

New Zealand Gym Business Analysis Answer 1.1) As from the case study we know that Pro Fit is an organisation in the New Zealand which is the fitness gym. Its main business is to give the training to the masses which go there to make their body physically fit and they are doing really good job. The main objective of their success is their service which they are giving to their customers like the regular cleaning of the gym is done. The trainers in the gym are very cooperative with the customers and give full necessary knowledge about each exercise and each move. The Pro fit is expanding their business day by day and the masses which have used the Pro Fit once they will never go for other one because they are providing the new technology of machines by which the peoples can have the result of exercise in their body. Moreover the councils of every areas have also check the safety of all the equipment and they have given the A+ grade to all the branches which makes the faith of the customers. In today new era is having a great competition in fitness industry and so it is very hard to maintain the customer loyalty. Like after some time the peoples change their gym and join new on where they get best deals. In order to make new customers the organisation is providing combo deals and family packages. The members which are already have join this organisation the trainer have built a personal relationship with them and offer benefit which they are getting from their gym that they should not leave or change the gym. The Pro Fit have maintain their status in the market by giving the best customer service by every staff member because if they will fulfil the needs of the present customers then they will give positive feedback to their known once which result that new persons will be attracted towards the gym. Moreover the organisation also have organised a weekly trail for new customers to show them their standard of service that in which way they will fulfil the requirements. Like in todays modern era every organisation know that without the promotion no business can be run so the Pro Fit also do their promotion by giving pamphlets in public area and advertise in newspaper. The organisation has launched the free cards for one person with each person entry and special vouchers for customers to attract them more. The organisation also has use the social media for promotion by organising page with their name and by app also. (insight) (training) Answer 1.2) Needs: the Pro Fit is running their business on good level but they want to generate new more customers because their goals is to be unique from other competitors. So they have decided to expand their goals by upgrading or adding new into old once. They just make the necessary changes to have more and more customers and the changes are done by customers expectations. Demand : The New Zealand is a very good country in which every person is very serious about their body posture so they do a lot of exercises. By this interest of the peoples there are so many companies who are running their business by opening fitness centres from different franchises. By This interest the PRO FIT also give their best to fulfil all the demands of customers by performing several methods. Market: As more and more peoples of different age group want to make their body fit. And the Pro Fit makes different strategies to have more and more customers to grow their company in market. Like they are give discounts on payments and give gift vouchers to the customers. Marketing mix: It is known as business tool because it is used by the marketers in marketing to give their best in the market. And in this four things are there which the marketer focus to sell their products in market are price , product, promotion and place. So the Pro Fit also have used all four of them like they first arrange the price according to the customers need that how much they can pay easily and they keep below to the other fitness centres for making place in market. The equipments in the gym are good up to dated technology which is attracting the people. They also used several ways to promote their business in the market by advertisement in television and newspapers. Moreover they have open their branches in that areas where every common man can go easily in daily busy life to do exercise. Promotion: As every business need the suitable promotion to be on a good level and so the Pro Fit also decided to promote their business by television and newspaper. They give pamphlets also in public areas. By this promotion they tell everyone why they are different and better from the other one . Moreover they give information about their offers and deals. Public relation: It is define as the connection between the person as seller or service man and customers. As in the Pro Fit the trainer talk with the customers with friendly nature which makes a very good bond between them by which the customer will not be bored in the gym and did not want company of any friend if it is not there. Service: The staff in an organisation plays a very important role for success because if the staff will give good service to the customers then only more and more customers will come. So the Pro Fit is also giving the best service by which the customers get attached to the trainer and the other working staff by which they will not change the gym in coming time. ADVERTISE: As every organisation is advertising their organisation by several methods like by social media , television and radio. They give the information about deals and offers. They also show their status by showing the video or pictures of organisation by which the local peoples get know about it. (mind tools) (wiki) Answer 1.3) Range of marketing media advantages disadvantages Radio There are so many peoples who dont like to watch or other social media and they just like to hear radio. For this kind of peoples the advertisement for Pro Fit by radio will be good. By radio the persons who are travelling from one place to another they can also have the information by listening radio in car. The disadvantage of advertisement by radio is that the peoples cannot watch the advertisement and sometimes the peoples do not get the proper information by just listening. Television The todays modern era is spending their some of the hours from daily routine life to watch television. So this mode of advertisement will be effective for doing promotion of Pro Fit and by this the peoples can have a view of gym prom inside. They can also see the functioning of the equipments and can be attracted to join fast. The disadvantage of doing advertisement by this method is that this is too much expensive and it can increase the budget of advertisement. Media print advertisement In this mode the advertisement can be done by giving adds in newspapers by which every person can be ready and the pamphlets in the public areas also can be distributed. The disadvantage of this style will be that some of the people do not read newspaper. The people are not much informed by this mode so they loss their interest. Media print editorial In this the people can be informed by giving information about Pro Fit in magazines by giving pictures of the peoples who are doing their exercises in gym. Moreover the feedbacks from the customers will be also there which will motivate the new customers. The promotion by this method will be little much expensive. And some of the masses do not have habit of reading the all magazines. Brochures The brochures can be send to the people by which the they can read the benefits of Pro Fit and the information for joining and contact can also be get. The brochures can also be send with letters to the common peoples home by this they will read them also. In this method the brochures will work effectively if they are handed to every customer and in doing this a lot of time will be taken. Sometime people are busy in their daily life so they do not have enough time to read. Tele marketing Now a days every organisation is using this method to do promotion and Pro Fit will also be promoted by Tele marketing because by this method the more interactive and personal sale service will be given to the customers and by this the technical issues will also be cleared. The telemarketing can replace a sales team in organisation which could leads to negative feeling among employees. Public relationship The importance of public relationship is that by this the organisation can hold the customers for long time in a single gym. And can have a good bond between staff and customers. In public relationship the message from sender sometimes not be cleared to the other receiver. Answer 1.4 Service Market strategy Target audience Training and dance activities The perfect training will be giving to the every person regarding their health and any other issue. To be different from other organisation the Pro Fit will also organise dance classes also by which exercise will also be continue and the masses not be bored from the gym. Age between 5 to 24 Aerobics Programmes/or seminars With the gym exercise this extra service will also be provided by another specialist coach which will helps in decreasing weight. More and more new customers will also be attracted towards it. Age between 25 to 38 Meditation and yoga classes The Pro Fit have research that how they can make fit to the older age peoples and they have organised a meditation and yoga classes which the older age people can make their body disease free. Age between 39 to 60 (advertisemnt ) Answer 1.5 Service : The Pro Fit staff is well trained in their respective field so they will give good customer service by which more and more new customers will come. The staff will also give proper training to the regarding the exercise so the people can get change in their body in short interval of time. Moreover the staff will be friendly with customers by which they can make bond with them by which they can solve the customer problem without any hesitation. Price : The Pro Fit have first researched the market that how they can give best price to their customers by which they can beat the competition. So they have decided to make 80 $ per person for month which is cheaper then other organisations. Further they have also decided to give family package by which the whole family can have proper gym in less money. Promotional strategies : The Pro Fit have decided to do the promotion by several methods by using the social media and television. Moreover they have decided to organise seminars by which they peoples can be attracted towards their gym. And they given add in newspapers and magazines by which they people who are not using the social media would also be know about their gym. Distribution : For the distribution of the Pro Fit they have plans like they will arrange a team for promotion only and make all efforts to increase their business. Task 2 2.1 Answer: The needs and wants of the consumers is satisfying known as marketing. Consumers have funds to buy the products or service and marketing characteristic are important to fulfil the consumer needs. Brand of organisation Competition Good environment of the business Pro Fit is a organisation in market of fitness centres which gives the training to their customers to make their body physically fit. In the market of New Zealand so many organisations are running their business in the field of fitness centres and due to that the competition is very high. Pro Fit is a organisation which is giving their best to be different from other once and they give so many special offers to attract the customers. The Pro Fit is the fitness centre which is giving a very good service to their customers. The equipments in the gym are very well organised and the areas in the gym are neat and clean. As so many companies are there in the market and the organisation in competition are Jetts , City fitness, Physical Club. (small business) Answer 2.2 Offered services : The jets, city fitness and physical club are the organisation which are running their business but from so many years they just on same level on which they have started their business because they are not giving the good service to their customers. But the Pro Fit is giving better from them by fulfilling the customer needs and guide them in well manner. Prices : The competitive organisation in the market are charging 100$ per month from their customers but the Pro Fit is charging 80 $ per month and giving the best service by which the customers can do exercise in well manner. Promotion for Pro Fit: As every business needs the promotion and it plays a very crucial role in organisations success. The competitor organisations are not doing a lot of efforts in promoting their business but Pro Fit is doing by social media, television and so many other mood of advertisements to get more and more customers. Answer 2.3 Internal : It is the factors or changes which are done inside the organisation and these factors can be for upgrade the organisation standard. External: It may be explained that the things which are happening outside the organisation. social: The masses come to a place and be together have talk or gossiping with each other by this they get in contact with people and can spend their time in gym. So by this the Pro Fit have become a source of socialisation in todays busy era. Culture : The Pro Fit have three branches in different locations of Auckland and as you know New Zealand is a multicultural country so peoples from different community come to the gym and get interacted by each other so in this way they get know about different cultures of the peoples from other countries. Technology: The every customer want the new thing or which are different from other once so in giving something different to the customers the technology play a very crucial role. In Pro Fit also the equipments with new technology attract the customers and by that they can do exercise in well organised way which will help them to have better result in their body. Economic : Its is very important part because the person is to be economically good if they want to run business and if any new technology comes in the market to buy that also the money is needed. Regulatory : As anybody wants to run a business in correct method then it is very important to follow rules and regulation which are provided by NEW Zealand government. And the Pro Fit also have to follow the rules like they have to pass the safety test of the equipments in the gym. Demographic : It is very important to keep this in mind while opening the business selection of the place is very important ,so Pro Fit also have target the most common place like Auckland city where most of the people will go for gym. Competitive : This condition is that when number of companies are running their business in same field then they have competition between them. And to win this competition the organisations are fulfilling the demands of the customers. Pro Fit also give new technology equipments and facilities which will impress the customers. Answer 2.4 Advantages 1 ) The Pro Fit is charging less then other once as in other organisations they are charging more and plus they are charging 70 to 90$ as giving trainer. 2) As the organisation are giving the training for the exercise by the trainers only but the Pro Fit is the only organisation in which a lot of the exercises are done by new technology equipment. Disadvantage As the other competitive organisations have their branches in the whole New Zealand but the Pro Fit have just three branches in Auckland region. The Pro Fit do not give membership cards or VIP cards to their customers. (competition) Answer 2.5) After the research it is cleared that the Pro Fit have to increase their branches in the country and they staff have to improve their customer service by which the new customers will be satisfy with the staff service. The locker rooms and the areas inside the gyms have to be cleaned every day by which the customers can feel good. Moreover the gyms will be going to open for 24 hours by which every person can go when every they get time. Task 3 Answer 3.1) According to the chart for the customers satisfaction we know about the different things which are to be improved for the customers. Like the instructors are use very well method for the exercise by which the percentage goes to a very good level. The customer needs for the equipments in gym is also fulfilled because there are variety of machines. A little bit of customers are not happy with the gym cleanliness and the equipments condition. The gym organisers have to open the gym for 24 hours by which the customers can come in their free time. Moreover the staff have to improve their customer service and they have to be available at every time by which the customers can have their help. Answer 3.2) The objective for having the survey is to have the customers views about their organisation by which they can make suitable changes in their organisation. By survey the organisation can make their future better by fulfilling the needs. The organisation have the survey and find out the problematic areas on which they have to focus on. And they know about the present stage of their company. Answer 3.3) The both the charts explains the needs of the customers that why they want to join the gym and which things they want in gym. Most of the people go gym to maintain their physical fitness of the body and weight loss in good environment and with new technology equipments. A less number of peoples are going to enhance their sports performance. Some of the people just want to build their body to look good. Moreover most of the people look at the fee of the gym and some just want to have personal trainer. Answer3.4) The actual need that we can say it is when we need just thing which is general and the perceived need can be define as thing with something special or extra. Physical fitness and medical reasons can be considered as actual needs while socialization is perceived. Task 4 Answer 4.1) executive summary The main motive of this report is that how the whole marketing plan for Pro Fit will be generated. This report tells how the Pro Fit is running their business and it explains the needs of the customers. By that needs this also tells which things are to be changed to run this business and achieve all the goals. Current marketing : The Pro Fit is a organization which gives training to people to be physically fit. They are having three different locations in Auckland region. The Pro Fit is not just targeting on 16 to 28 age groups, they have planned for 5 to 24 years masses and some type of special exercise and diet plan for 25 to 38 aged peoples. Moreover they have decided to give special yoga and meditation classes for old aged peoples. They are providing the safely using equipments and makes the customers comfortable by music. And increase the socialization. Market strategies : The Pro Fit have decided to make the promotion by various ways like by using the social media and television. They will use the radio to because people listen mostly by traveling. Moreover they will also give pamphlets in public areas. Action program : The action programs may be like that dance classes for child. Further yoga and meditation classes also be provide to older age people. And to do all that new staff would be used which will be professionally trained. They will identify the problems and give suitable suggestions for it. Implementation : The equipment in the gyms will be provided which will works well and they will be updated. The staff is also be well trained which will guide the customers in correct method. Recommendation: It is very important to good customer service to the customers. The fee or price for the gym also be affordable to everyone. They have to open the gym 24 hours. Hire the HR manger which will look after all the business and make the suitable changes which are needed. Conclusion: As by this full report the Pro Fit knows there current position in market so to improve that they have to use suitable marketing strategies and plans by which they can have more and more customers. They also have to make some changes like improve the customer service to be on good place in coming years. advertisemnt . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.salesforce.com/au/form/semfy17/crm-marketing-demo-social-studio.jsp?d=70130000000NL28AAGls=PPClssm=Productlss=SFDCPPC.View%20De competition. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://gymsales.net/?gclid=CjwKEAjwltC9BRDRvMfD2N66nlISJACq8591FGGuC1cr4yXzBYtdmKk-OwE82aRUUVKqIH0thuVCqRoC1mjw_wcB insight. (n.d.). Retrieved from insight gym service: https://blog.gyminsight.com/1873-what-is-gym-customer-service/ mind tools. (n.d.). Retrieved from tools: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm small business. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/characteristics-market-segments-target-markets-22601.html training. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://f45training.co.nz/become-a-franchisee/?country=NZsource=adwords-searchnetwork=gdevice=ckeyword=%2Bgym%20%2Bbusinessgc wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising

Poverty in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome Essay -- Ethan Frome Essays

Poverty in Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome Poverty is defined as deficiency, or inadequacy. It can be used to represent more than just the lack of money. Poverty is constant throughout the novel, Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton. Poverty is evident in almost every area of Ethan's life. First of all, obviously, Ethan lacked money. His farm squeezed out just enough money to keep him and his household going. On page 133, Ethan is thinking of selling his property, but then he remembers its condition... "Farm and mill were mortgaged to the limit of their value, and even if she found a purchaser- in itself an unlikely chance- it was doubtful if she could clear a thousand dollars on the sale... it was only by incessant labor and personal supervision that he managed to draw a meager living from his land..."  Ã‚   The town in which he lived was also quite poor. It snowed most of the time, so it was a bad area for agriculture. Another type of poverty evident in Ethan's life was that he had little happiness. He was forced to quit his career to aide his sick father. His father th...

Stock Options Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Stock Options Since the late 1980’s more and more people have been given the opportunity to purchase stock options. As of 2001, ten million employees have chosen to purchase stock options. Another survey established that 97 of the top 100 e-commerce companies gave the choice of options this year. For these reasons, it is important to understand what stock options are, the different types of options, and their advantages and disadvantages. A stock option gives any employee the right to buy a certain number of shares in the company at a fixed price for a certain number of years. Employees who have been given the choice of stock options hope that the share price will go up and that they will be able to cash in by purchasing the stock at the lower grant price and then selling the stock at the current market price. Stock option plans can be a flexible way for companies to share ownership with employees, reward them for performance, and attract and retain a motivated staff. These plans could also encourage the employees to look in that best interest of the company and other shareholders. For growth-oriented smaller companies, options are a great way to preserve cash while giving employees a piece of future growth. They can also work for public firms whose benefit plans are well established, but who want to include employees in ownership. Options are not a mechanism for existing owners to sell shares and are usually inappropriate for companies whose future growth is uncertain. They can also be unappealing in small, closely held companies that do not want to go public or be sold because they may find it difficult to create a market for the share. There have been disagreement on whether or not options are actual ownership. Some believe they are ownership because employees do not receive them for free, they use their own money to purchase the share. Others believe that since the employees can sell their shares a short time after purchasing them they do not have the long-term ownership goal. A few simple terms with stock options are a call, a put, and a premium. A call is the right to buy the stock, a put is the right to sell the stock and its premium is the price of the option. Overall, options allow you to participate in price movements without committing the large amount of funds needed to buy stock outright. ... ...s are even hired, stock options enable companies to recruit better employees. Once the employees are hired, they work harder for the sake of the company as well as a rise in their shares, and therefore, the company is able to retain hard working elites. Another positive remark about stock options is that companies are not required by GAP to record them as an expense which, in turn, inflates their earnings. Just as before with the employee’s stock income, the company receives a tax deduction as well. When the employee exercises his stock then sells it in the market he receives an income, and this amount received by the employee is equal to the tax break granted to the company. Hence, the larger the price difference, the better it is for both the employee and employer. To conclude, stock options are increasingly being used as incentives for employees in companies around the world. Statistics state that the increased use of stock options privileges has increased the work ethic of employees, thus increasing sales. Stock options are a good non-cash compensation for increasing the moral of employees, but one should note that the underlying tax regulations could be complicated.

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer :: Canterbury Tales Chaucer Essays

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer In the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, the narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, meets twenty nine pilgrims at the Southwark at the Tabard Inn. They are all going to Canterbury Cathedral to visit the shrine of Sir Thomas Becket. Chaucer decides to tag along, taking some time to describe each pilgrim. The author uses many metaphors, personal histories, and examples of how they would act in certain situations to fully describe the characters in the story. However, some of the pilgrims are given only a few lines of direct description in a very straightforward, visual manner. One of the characters in the tales is Squire, who gets only twenty lines of details, focusing on his appearance, his abilities, and his sexuality. The physical description of the Squire illustrates him as if he was a Roman statue, or taken from a chivalric romance. Chaucer describes his " lokkes crulle as they were leyd in presse"(Norton, 83), average height, great strength, "Of twenty yeer of age he was" (Norton, 83), bravery and cleverness. The author illustrates Squire's youth "as fressh as is the month of may." (Norton, 83). The dress of the squire is colorful, embroidered with flowers, short with large sleeves. He is very talented, too. Chaucer dedicates some lines in the poem to the squire's skills - horsemanship, jousting, sketching, dancing, song and verse writing: "Wel koude he sitte on hors and faire ryde./ He koude songes make and wel endite,/ Juste and eek daunce, and weel purtreye and write." (Norton, 83). The physical illustration of Squire is carefully surrounded by sexual references. The author tells us in his poem that the young character is "a lovere and a lusty bacheler"(Norton, 83), who loves so hotly that he sleeps at night "namoore than dooth a nyghtyngale"(Norton, 83). Chaucer uses meadows, fresh flowers, and squire's songs as the methphors to represent the character's sexual image that hides under the portrait of the candidate for a knight. Chaucer also refers to the object of squire's chivalry, his lady. The strange thing about Squire's sexuality and his character as a whole is its neutrality. He is illustrated as powerful and effective young knight. It seems however that he is lifeless, like a stone or still statue. The squire's physical characteristics strongly hit the reader's mind, yet not much is understood about Squire. Chaucer even portrays him in a morally neutral manner, he leaves the judgement of the squire to the reader.

Language attitudes comprise Essay

Bilingualism is the ability of an individual to speak in two languages and to utilize them for different purposes. The degree of bilingualism is defined as the levels of linguistic proficiency that a bilingual must attain in both languages (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). There are various factors that may affect the acquisition of the degree of bilingualism in home, school and work settings, including the age at which the language is acquired, to whom the language is utilized, the manner in which the language is used, and the frequency of usage of the language (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). There are two contexts in which bilinguals acquire their skills in using two languages: primary and secondary. Primary contexts pertain to a child’s acquisition of both languages in a naturalistic way in the absence of any structured instruction, while secondary contexts pertain to a child’s acquisition of one of the languages in a formal setting, usually school (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). Children, who are able to acquire two languages in a primary context during their infanthood, adopt the languages due to natural input in the environment, usually provided by the parents, siblings, caregivers (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). However, when the child enters his or her early childhood, the input may be provided by other sources, like the wider community or the extended family (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). According to Ng and Wigglesworth (2007), age plays a key role in the development of bilingualism because there is a strong relationship between the age of acquisition and the ultimate achievement of language proficiency at different linguistic levels. The authors add that attitudes, motivation, and contextual factors such as exposure have been found to affect strongly on the final attainment of the learners’ language proficiency level. Bilingualism has a psychosocial dimension that can greatly affect a child (Bialystok, 2001). The language a person speaks has a role in the formation of his or her identity, and speaking a language that is not completely natural has the possibility to interfere with the child’s construction of self (Biolystok, 2001). A child who is a bilingual due to relocation, especially unwanted relocation, may dislike the new community language he or she has learned despite of his or her proficiency with it (Biolystok, 2001). Factors that affect bilingual children must account the attitudes to the language and the role of language in forming ethnic and cultural affiliations (Bialystok, 2001). The reasons why children become bilingual include education, immigration, extended family, dislocation, temporary residence in another country, or being born in a place where bilingualism is normal (Bialystok, 2001). Social factors that affect the child’s development of bilingualism include parents’ educational level and their expectations for children’s education, degree, and role of literacy in the home and the community; language proficiency in the main language used; objectives for using the second language; support of the community for the second language; and identity with the group who speaks the second language (Biolystok, 2001). The quality and quantity of the interaction also affects the child’s acquisition of two languages. Attitude has been associated to the language proficiency, bilingual’s usage of two languages, bilingual’s perception of other communities and of themselves (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). Attitude has also been linked to the strength of bilingual communities and to the loss of language within the community. Furthermore, it is a powerful force that emphasizes the experience of being bilingual and the willingness of members of a minority group to contribute to the maintenance of a minority language (Ng & Wigglesworth, 2007). Language attitudes comprise of three major components of cognition, affect, and readiness for action. The affective component may not be similar with the cognitive component, while the readiness for action component analyzes whether feelings or thoughts in the cognitive and affective components translate into action (Bee, Wigglesworth). There are different types of bilingual acquisition in childhood. In the ‘one person, one language’ type of acquisition, parents have different native languages with each having some degree of competence in the other’s language, the language of one of the parents is the dominant language in the community, and the parents can speak their own language to the child from birth (Romaine, 1995). In the ‘non-dominant home language’ type, the parents have different native languages, the language of one of the parents is the dominant language in the community, and both parents speak the non-dominant language to the child who is completely exposed to the main language only when outside the home (Romaine, 1995). In the ‘non-dominant home language without community support’ type, the parents use the same mother tongue, the dominant language is not utilized by the parents, and the parents speak their own language to the child (Romaine, 1995). In the ‘double non-dominant home language without community support’ type of acquisition, the parents are using different native languages, the dominant language is different from either of the languages of the parents, and the parents each use their own language when speaking to the child from birth (Romaine, 1995). In the ‘non-native parents’ type of acquisition, the parents use the same native language, the dominant language is similar with that of the parents, and one of the parents always speak to the child in a language which is not his or her mother tongue (Romaine, 1995). In the ‘mixed language’ type of acquisition, the parents are both bilingual, the community may also be bilingual, and parents may code-switch and mix two different languages (Romaine, 1995). Romaine (1995) explains that various individual factors may affect the outcome in each type of bilingual acquisition in childhood, including the amount and kind of exposure to the minor language, the consistency of parents in their language choice, attitudes of children and parents towards bilingualism, and the individual personalities of children and parents. Types of Bilingualism A child learns his or her first language during his her five years of life. He or she spends several hours of listening, repeating and learning his or her first language by trial and error. The second language can be learned by a child by various clues that assist him or her to understand the message such as the intonation and by memorizing rules in grammars or lists of words. The desire of a child to communicate using the second language is not powerful, particularly in a school environment. A child can learn a second language easier when he or she is involved or lived in a community where the second language is spoken because it provides him or her a chance to use it. The three types of bilingualism are compound, coordinate and sub-coordinate bilingualism. Both coordinate and compound bilingualism are categorized as forms of early bilingualism because they are developed in early childhood. The sub-coordinate bilingualism is developed when a second language is acquired by a child after age 12. In coordinate bilingualism, an individual learns the languages in different environments and the words of the two languages are separated with each word having its own specific meaning (Romaine, 1995). A child may acquire coordinate bilingualism when his or her parents have different native languages and each parent speak to the child using his or her own native language. He or she develops two different linguistic systems that he or she can handle them at ease. Another situation wherein a child can adopt coordinate bilingualism is when the mother tongue mastered by a child is adopted by parents who use a different language. The languages in the coordinate bilingualism are independent. A coordinate bilingual has two linguistic systems and two sets of meanings linked to them (Romaine, 1995). In compound bilingualism, an individual acquires the two languages in the same circumstances, where they are utilized at the same time in order to have a mixed representation of the languages in the brain (Romaine, 1995). A child may acquire compound bilingualism when both parents are bilingual and use two languages when speaking to the child indiscriminately. He or she will learn to speak both languages without making an effort and accent but will never master all the difficulties of using either of the two languages. A child who acquires compound bilingualism will not have a mother tongue. The languages in compound bilingualism are interdependent. A compound bilingual consists of one set of meanings and two linguistic systems linked to them (Romaine, 1995). In sub-coordinate bilingualism, an individual interprets words of his or her weaker language through the words of the stronger language (Romaine, 1995). The dominant or main language utilized by a sub-coordinate bilingual plays a role as a filter for the weaker language (Romaine, 1995). The sub-coordinate bilingualism consists of a primary set of meanings formed through their first language and another linguistic system tied to them (Romaine, 1995). The Positive Aspects of Bilingualism According to Cummins, bilingualism has positive benefits to a child’s educational and linguistic development. The author adds that a child attains a deeper understanding of language and how to utilize it effectively when he or she continues to develop his or her ability in two or more languages during his or her entire years in primary school. A child has a chance to practice more in processing language, particularly when he or she develops literacy in both and he or she is capable of comparing and contrasting the ways his or her two languages create reality (Cummins). The research study indicates that a bilingual child may also develop more flexibility in his or her thinking because of the processing information through the use of two different languages (Cummins). Other positive effects of bilingualism include increase of mental alertness, broadening of horizon, and improved understanding of the relativity of all things (Appel & Muysken, 2006). A research study of 15-year-old Spanish/English bilingual children suggested that bilingualism encouraged creative thinking because of the greater flexibility in cognition demonstrated by bilinguals due to the fact that they better able to differentiate form and content (Romaine, 1995). Another research study also mentioned that bilingual children have a better understanding of concept formation, which is major part of intellectual development, because they were involved to a more complicated environment and an enormous amount of social interaction compared to children who were gaining only one language (Romaine, 1995). The superiority of bilingual children to monolingual children in terms of various tasks is dependent on their high levels of selective attention, which is the main mechanism of their cognitive performance (Romaine, 1995). One source of improving the bilingual children’s flexibility and creativity may come from a variety of semantic networks related with words in each language (Romaine, 1995). The relation between bilingualism and the social context of language acquisition indicates a positive benefit to bilingualism. The Negative Effects of Bilingualism Child bilingualism has negative effects on linguistic skills because he or she has a tendency to have a verbal deficit with respect to active and passive vocabulary, length of sentence, and the usage of complex and compound sentences (Appel & Muysken, 2006). Research study has also claimed that a bilingual child demonstrated more deviant forms in his or her speech, like unusual word order and morphological errors (Appel & Muysken, 2006). Bilingualism could also endanger the intelligence of a whole ethnic community and result to split personalities (Romaine, 1995). A bilingual child has a deficit in his or her language growth and a delay in his or her mother tongue development. Some psychologists have also stated that a bilingual child is more inclined to stuttering because of the syntactic overload brought by processing and producing two languages (Romaine, 1995). According to Appel and Muysken (2006), it is stated that speaking two languages is a negative factor in personality or identity development because bilingual persons are anticipated to experience a conflict of values, identities, and world views due to strong relation to the two different languages. The authors add that research studies have indicated that bilingualism may have negative effects on personality development but only when social conditions are not favorable. The emotional and social difficulties of certain bilingual persons are not due to bilingualism as a cognitive phenomenon but by the social context (Appel & Muysken, 2006). In order to avoid the degree of language loss in children, Cummins suggests that parents should form a strong home language policy and offer opportunities for children to broaden the functions for which they utilize the mother tongue, particularly in reading and writing, and the circumstances in which they can utilize it, like visits to the country of origin. Teachers have an important role in helping bilingual children maintain and develop their mother tongues by interacting to them strong positive messages on the value of acquiring additional languages and that bilingualism is a key linguistic and intellectual achievement (Cummins). They must also create an instructional environment where the cultural and linguistic experience of a child is actively accepted (Cummins). References Appel, R. & Muysken, P. (2006). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. England: Cambridge University Press. Cummins, J. Bilingual Children’s Mother Tongue: Why Is It Important for Education? Retrieved June 7, 2009, from http://74. 125. 153. 132/search? q=cache:f490N3_lOpAJ:www. iteachilearn. com/cummins/ mother. htm+positive+effects+of+bilingualism&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph Ng, B. C. & Wigglesworth, G. (2007). Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource Book. U. S. : Routledge. Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism (2nd ed. ). Malden, M. A. : Wiley-Blackwell.